In an era of globalization, countries are facing enormous and multifaceted challenges. Incidents in a particular region of the world have trans-national ramifications. As a result, a single country cannot face the challenges effectively without the support or cooperation of other countries. What makes the situation even more daunting is the expanding scope of security, and the interconnection between traditional and non-traditional security concerns. The complex security situation around the world has compelled many countries in different regions of the world (for example, Europe and South East Asia) to adopt a cooperative security framework (CSF) to fight common challenges together. Of late, there has been some realization about the need to evolve a cooperative security framework in South Asia with the emergence of common challenges in the region. For example, Pakistan, which was hesitating to act against terror, has itself become a victim of it and displayed its willingness to be part of a common regional effort to fight terror under SAARC. The impact of climate change (flash floods, tsunami, drought, sub-continental cyclone, rising of sea levels in the Indian Ocean) has become so severe that the countries in the region are now working towards a common platform to mitigate that. However, no serious efforts have yet been made towards the evolution of a “cooperative security framework (CSF)” in South Asia.

Since the end of the cold war, some debates and discussions have taken place in the region on this theme. Available literature focusing on challenges argue that the notion of cooperative security in South Asia has not taken roots due to the following factors: absence of an external aggressor, peculiar geographical situation, historical baggage, fear of gradual Indianisation of the sub-continent, lack of trust amongst the countries in the region, perpetual enmity between India and Pakistan and last, but not least, the non-alignment movement in the 1950s. While the cold war contributed to and sharpened the process of regional cooperation in Europe and South East Asia, it fomented instability in the South Asian region. Instead of working together and developing a regional outlook, India’s neighbours have sometimes chosen to rely on external powers to augment their security. Efforts to tackle issues of common concern in a collective and cooperative manner were held hostage to mutual mistrust which also led sometimes to inter-state conflicts.

Some scholars have observed that SAARC could be the right platform towards this endeavor. Certain steps have already been taken. For instance, during the SAARC 2004 summit a resolution whereby terrorism could be discussed within the ambit of SAARC was passed. Progress on SAFTA and the India-Pakistan dialogue held on the sidelines of various SAARC summits also suggest that SAARC could be the right platform. However, others have observed that SAARC is inherently incapable of being a substituting for a much-needed common cooperative security architecture in South Asia. It does not deal with regional security issues and therefore it has focused only on non-traditional security issues. Most importantly, the debate on the CSF in South Asia is mostly centered on the problems between India and Pakistan and other issues are usually neglected. Much of the literature argues for the evolution of a comprehensive security system, which could provide a mechanism for identification of issues and challenges in the region. They do not talk about the need for any institutional mechanism for ensuring cooperative security in the region.

While the concept of collective security and collective self-defence evolved during the cold war era with the objective of mitigating traditional security concerns of states, concepts like common security, comprehensive security, and human security, mostly came to the fore in the post cold war period by bringing traditional and non-traditional security (NTS) issues together in international politics. Cooperative security as it is understood puts emphasis on interdependence and cooperation both at intra- and inter-regional levels.

Radical political changes have taken place in South Asia after the cold war. Almost all countries have adopted democratic structures and are making efforts to check the influence of non-democratic forces in their societies. Two major internal security challenges, i.e., the LTTE and Maoist insurgency in Nepal, have been, more or less, resolved. Except Pakistan and Afghanistan, other conflict theatres in South Asia are relatively under control. Terrorism has surfaced as a common challenge for all countries in the region, including Pakistan. Economic relations between South Asian countries, except between India-Pakistan, have improved. India is inviting its neighbours to participate in its growing economy and benefit from it. It has expressed its willingness to engage Pakistan despite subversive activities with known cross-border linkages. The fact remains that in spite of all this a workable cooperative security framework, which could enable regional cooperation on an expanding range of security issues, is yet to be developed.

However, with such positive political transformation taking place in different countries, the region might be at the cross-roads of a major change. The objective of the conference is to discuss various concepts relating to cooperative security, critically analyse such frameworks in different regions and explore whether it is possible and practicable in the South Asian region.

The 5th South Asian Conference being organised by the IDSA this year aims to bring together scholars, experts and analysts to reflect on the issues related to the prospects of evolution of a cooperative security framework in South Asia. Following research questions will be discussed in the various sessions of the conference.

1. What is the status of debate on cooperative security architecture in South Asia and what are the various concepts related to it?
2. What are the enabling factors for the emergence of a cooperative security framework in South Asia? What are the common challenges confronting the states and what steps they are taking at the individual and collective level to meet them?
3. Given the history of conflict and cooperation in South Asia, is it practical to expect that South Asian states can evolve a cooperative security frame work in the region? What are the factors inhibiting progress towards cooperative security framework despite positive changes in the region and at the global level?
4. What role can SAARC play to enable an effective dialogue on cooperative security in south Asia? Will Track-II initiatives be of any help?
5. What are the existing models of cooperative security in different regions of the world? What model would be appropriate for South Asia?

Day 1- Tuesday, 15 November 2011
0900 – 0930	Registration Ground Floor of IDSA
0930 – 1000	Inaugural Session
	Opening remarks	Shri N S Sisodia, DG, IDSA
	Book release and Inauguration	Shri A K Antony, Hon’ble Raksha Mantri
	Vote of Thanks	Dr Arvind Gupta, LBSC, IDSA
1000 – 1030	Tea
Session I: 1030 – 1300 hrs Is there a need for cooperative security framework in South Asia? This session will focus on the concept of cooperative security in South Asia and will also explore the need of cooperative security architecture in South Asia context Chair: N. S. Sisodia
Security Architecture in South Asia: Conceptual Parameters		S. D. Muni
New Opportunities for Populous Asia		Shahid Javed Burki
Cooperative Security Framework in South Asia: A Bangladesh Perspective		Farooq Sobhan
Maritime Security Cooperation in South Asia: A Maldivian Perspective		Ahmed Shaheed
Prospects of Cooperative Security Framework for Afghanistan		Daoud Sultanzoy
Cooperative Security Framework for South Asia: A Sri Lankan Perspective		W. I. Siriweera
	Question and Answer
1300 – 1400	Lunch
Session II: 1400 – 1630 Security Challenges for South Asia: Traditional and Non-Traditional Security What are the key non-traditional security challenges to South Asia? How do these impact South Asian securities as a whole?  What is the nature of interaction between non-traditional security and traditional security? Chair: I P Khosla
Should India and Pakistan Look Beyond Indus Water Treaty? Why and How?		Shaista Tabassum
A Cooperative Security Framework – Environment and Climate Change		PK Gautam
Non-Traditional Security in Afghanistan		Saifullah Ahmadzai
Cooperative Security Framework for South Asia: Economic Development and Regional Integration		Dushni Weerakoon
Climate Change Security: A Case Study from Bhutan		Chhimi Dorzi
Engaging ‘Water’ in South Asia: Is Cooperative Security Plausible?		Medha Bisht
	Question and Answer
Day II – Wednesday, 16 November 2011
Session 1: 0930 – 1300 hrs Is cooperative security feasible in South Asia? Given the history of conflict and cooperation in South Asia, what are the challenges to evolving a cooperative security framework for South Asia? What are the possible models? Are they feasible? How to realize them? Chair-Tan Tai Yong
Regional Integration in South Asia: Possibility or Pipe Dream		Srinath Raghavan
Cooperative Security in South Asia: Prospects and Challenges		Rajan Bhattarai
Cooperative on Maritime Security in South Asia		Chaminda Dilhanake Hettiarachchi
Does South Asia Need a Cooperative security Architecture?		Smruti S Pattanaik and Nihar Nayak
Cooperative Security in South Asia: An Elusive Dream or the Need of Hour		Mahwish Hafeez
	Question and Answer
1300 – 1400	Lunch
Session II (Panel Discussion): 1400 – 1600 hrs The Way Ahead 1400 – 1600                Panel discussion What are the mechanisms? Panelist will give their views on how they see the way forward. They will also interact with audience. Chair- S. D. Muni
Daoud Sultanzoy – Afghanistan Shahid Zaved Burki – Pakistan Farooq Sobhan – Bangladesh Anjoo Sharan Upadhyaya – India Hla Than Moung- Myanmar
1600 – 1610	Vote of Thanks
1610 – 1620	Tea